What is retinoblastoma?

4 May 2021

It is a condition that consists of the development of a cancerous tumor in the retina, which is located in the back of the eyeball, being the tissue that receives light and is responsible for sending electrical signals to the brain through the optic nerve, allowing vision.

Retina cells develop a genetic abnormality that makes them grow uncontrollably, causing the death of healthy cells and causing a tumor that can metastasize and spread to other areas of the body such as the brain and spine. This condition is more common in children, but also, although rarely, it can occur in adults.

A child with retinoblastoma is at a higher risk of developing cancer in other parts of the body, including the brain.

Retinoblastoma is classified into two types:

Intraocular: appears within the eye.
Extraocular: by metastasizing, it has already spread outside the eye.

Signs and symptoms Retinoblastoma

As it has a higher incidence in babies and children, keep in mind the following symptoms that could be affecting your child, such as:

Presence of a white circle in the pupil that is noticeable with light.
Vision in opposite directions, that is, each eye seems to go to different points.
Decreased visual ability.
Swollen eyes.
Eye redness.

Diagnosis and treatment Retinoblastoma

Once the ophthalmologist analyzes your child’s symptoms and medical history, they will perform a physical examination, which will include an eye exam and imaging studies such as ultrasound and computed tomography.

If there are indications that the cancer has already metastasized, the following tests will be performed to corroborate it:

Bone scintigraphy.
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy.
Lumbar puncture.

The treatment plan will be established based on the volume of the tumor and where it is located, as well as whether it has metastasized, sending the cancer to other areas of the body.

Before resorting to more radical options such as surgery to remove the eye and the consequent loss of vision in the affected eye, therapeutic alternatives will be used to try to cure the cancer, such as:

Chemotherapy.
Radiotherapy.
Cryotherapy.
Transpupillary thermotherapy.

If none of these therapies work, a surgical procedure called enucleation will be performed, which consists of removing the affected eye and then placing an artificial eye implant.

Since its inauguration in 2009, our Cancer Center offers chemotherapy and radiotherapy treatments at the level of the best medical centers in the world through a comprehensive care model for cancer patients.

Related centers and departments Retinoblastoma

Cancer Center
Internal medicine
Radiology and Molecular Imaging
Clinical Laboratory

Fuentes:

aao.org
cancer.org
cancer.net
cancer.gov
mayoclinic.org
medlineplus.gov
medigraphic.com
Brenes MN, Osejo RMS, Cartín RAC. Presentación del retinoblastoma en la edad pediátrica. Revista Médica Sinergia. 2020;5(05):379-379.
Ramírez-Patiño L, Barnoya-Pérez de EM, Lara-Molina NC, et al. Ocular brachytherapy in the treatment of retinoblastoma. Experience in the Hospital Infantil de México. Rev Mex Oftalmol. 2019;93(4):194-199.
Pérez HMA, Domínguez CPM. El retinoblastoma: un tumor de ojo frecuente en la infancia. Rev Fac Med UNAM . 2019;62(4):35-38.
González RL, Cárdenas BM, Moreno MMI, et al. Retinoblastoma: una presentación tardía y atípica. Rev Cub Oftal. 2018;31(1):170-177.

How can we help you?

The dissemination of the content of this material is for informational purposes only and does not replace, under any circumstance or condition, a consultation with a specialist doctor, for which the ABC Medical Center is not responsible for the different use that may be given to it. If you require more information related to the subject, we suggest you contact the specialist doctor you trust directly.

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Comparison of COVID-19 vaccines

Pfizer-
BioNTech

Pfizer-BioNTech

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Vaccine type: mRNA
Effectiveness: 95% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

No Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 21 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).

Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 16 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polysorbate.

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, fever, nausea, malaise, and swollen lymph nodes.

How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 14 days of having the complete scheme (after the administration of the 2nd dose), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.

Moderna

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Vaccine type: mRNA
Effectiveness: 94.5% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 28 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).

Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 18 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine.

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, fever, nausea, and swollen lymph nodes in the arm in which you received the injection.

Janssen/
Johnson
& Johnson

Janssen/ Johnson & Johnson

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 72.0% in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.
85% in the prevention of severe COVID-19.

Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives./strong>

How many doses are needed?
Only one dose in needed.

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, headache, fatigue, muscle pain, chills, fever, and nausea.

How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 28 days of having the complete scheme (the last dose applied), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from 85% serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.

AstraZeneca
and
Oxford
University

AstraZeneca and Oxford University

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Adenovirus vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 82% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 56 days apart (or up to 84 days apart, if necessary).

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, and fever, which were mild to moderate in intensity and disappeared within 48 hours of vaccination.

Sputnik V

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Adenovirus vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 92% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 21 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).

What is retinoblastoma?

Signs and symptoms Retinoblastoma

Diagnosis and treatment Retinoblastoma

Related centers and departments Retinoblastoma

Fuentes:

Index

Specialist in Retinoblastoma