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Precision Medicine
4 May 2021
It is a disease of the skeletal system characterized by a decrease in bone density as a result of the loss of normal bone tissue, which generates porous and weak bones that can fracture easily, mainly in the wrists, hips, and vertebrae.
Osteoporosis is usually classified into:
The higher the bone density you acquire in youth, the less likely you are to suffer from osteoporosis later in life.
Osteoporosis is known as a silent disease because there are no symptoms until the bone loss is so severe that it causes fractures. However, upon a decrease in bone mass, you may experience:
Although anyone can develop osteoporosis, there are potential risks that can contribute to its onset, such as:
Genetic inheritance: parents with osteoporosis.
Old age: from 60 years of age there is a greater probability of developing osteoporosis.
Lifestyle: a sedentary lifestyle, as well as the consumption of tobacco or alcohol can help reduce bone density.
Body structure: people with small body structures have a greater predisposition to have osteoporosis.
Diet: a diet low in calcium, eating disorders, or gastrointestinal surgery can contribute to a decrease in bone mass.
Gender: women, especially in the menopausal stage, are more prone to suffer from osteoporosis.
Nowadays there are various tools to have a timely diagnosis that helps prevent bone loss or treat osteoporosis, as it is a disease whose symptoms are not visible until bone decalcification is very advanced.
Your doctor will request a bone densitometry to find out if you have osteoporosis or osteopenia, so as to reduce the risk of fractures and start a preventive treatment.
Densitometry is a painless test in which a scanner passes over your body to examine the bones of the hip and spine. If your doctor deems it necessary, it will also order a bone biopsy and radiological studies to confirm the diagnosis.
The treatment to be followed will depend on your case and the progression of the disease. As prevention, you may be recommended vitamin D supplements and the intake of drugs that help decrease bone resorption, as well as the use of estrogens and a parathyroid hormone analog, which helps stimulate bone formation.
As a general measure, it is important to have a diet low in protein and rich in calcium (dairy), getting controlled daily exercise to prevent falls, and to abstain from smoking and consuming alcohol to strengthen weak bones and thus reduce the chances of experiencing possible fractures.
In the ABC Medical Center Internal Medicine Department, we offer you health care services with the highest quality and safety, from the prevention, diagnosis, timely treatment, and monitoring of infectious, respiratory, endocrinological, dermatological, rheumatic, nephrological, gastrointestinal, and hematological pathologies, from both chronic-degenerative diseases and acute conditions, through a comprehensive and multidisciplinary model.
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Comparison of COVID-19 vaccines
Pfizer-
BioNTech
Pfizer-BioNTech
What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?
Vaccine type: mRNA
Effectiveness: 95% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.
No Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives.
How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 21 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).
Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 16 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polysorbate.
What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, fever, nausea, malaise, and swollen lymph nodes.
How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 14 days of having the complete scheme (after the administration of the 2nd dose), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.
Moderna
What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?
Vaccine type: mRNA
Effectiveness: 94.5% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.
Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives.
How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 28 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).
Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 18 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine.
What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, fever, nausea, and swollen lymph nodes in the arm in which you received the injection.
How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 14 days of having the complete scheme (after the administration of the 2nd dose), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.
Janssen/
Johnson
& Johnson
Janssen/ Johnson & Johnson
What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?
Vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 72.0% in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.
85% in the prevention of severe COVID-19.
Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives./strong>
How many doses are needed?
Only one dose in needed.
Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 18 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine.
What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, headache, fatigue, muscle pain, chills, fever, and nausea.
How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 28 days of having the complete scheme (the last dose applied), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from 85% serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.
AstraZeneca
and
Oxford
University
AstraZeneca and Oxford University
What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?
Adenovirus vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 82% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.
How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 56 days apart (or up to 84 days apart, if necessary).
Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 18 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine.
What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, and fever, which were mild to moderate in intensity and disappeared within 48 hours of vaccination.
How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 14 days of having the complete scheme (after the administration of the 2nd dose), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.
Sputnik V
What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?
Adenovirus vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 92% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.
How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 21 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).
Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 18 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine.
What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, and fever, which were mild to moderate in intensity and disappeared within 48 hours of vaccination.
How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 14 days of having the complete scheme (after the administration of the 2nd dose), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.
Anti-Herpes Zoster
Herpes zoster is a painful, burning rash. It usually appears on one part of the body and can last for several weeks. It can cause long-lasting severe pain and scarring. Bacterial skin infections, weakness, muscle paralysis, hearing or vision loss may occur less frequently. Herpes zoster is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox. After you have had chickenpox, the virus that caused it remains in the body of nerve cells. Sometimes after many years, the virus becomes active again and causes herpes zoster.
Vaccination is indicated in the following cases:
Scheme type:
Rabies
Human rabies is a viral disease transmitted by the bite of an infected animal. It is characterized by acute encephalomyelitis (an aggressive response of the immune system that destroys the myelin layer of the nerves and alters its function at the level of the brain or spinal cord).
Vaccination is indicated in the following cases:
Scheme type:
There are two types.
1. Pre-exposure scheme, consists of three doses of rabies vaccine:
2. Post-exposure scheme, people not vaccinated against rabies, consists of five doses of rabies vaccine.
* If the individual continues to be at risk of exposure to the disease, revaccination should be considered.
Pneumococcal vaccines
Pneumococcal disease can cause serious infections in the lungs (pneumonia), the bloodstream (bacteremia), and the lining of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis).
Two vaccines help prevent pneumococcal disease:
Vaccination is indicated in the following cases:
Scheme type:
*One dose of Pneumococcal 13 vaccine should be given first, followed by one dose of Pneumococcal 23 vaccine, depending on your age and health.