What is Bladder cancer?

It refers to the uncontrolled replication of malignant cells in the bladder, which produces tumors and various health consequences. There are tumors limited to the bladder area, while others spread invading surrounding tissues and organs.

Main causes:

Smoking.
Having a relative who has had bladder cancer.
Being a carrier of the human papillomavirus (HPV).
Environmental factors.

Signs and symptoms Bladder cancer

Blood in the urine (hematuria).
Constant urinary tract infections.
Excessive urination.
Pain and burning when urinating.

Diagnosis and treatment Bladder cancer

Blood chemistry and urine test; to analyze the presence of blood in urine and detect malignant cells.
Cystoscopy; to analyze the presence of polyps and/or to perform a biopsy.
Chest tomography and MRI of the abdomen and pelvis, to assess the extent of the cancer.
Ultrasound of the urinary tract and the abdominal area; to assess the size, shape, and function of various organs such as the bladder and kidneys.

Based on your medical history, your general condition, the type of cancer, and its progress, the ABC doctor will decide on the optimal treatment for you.

Surgery to remove the tumor is usually the main option, although you may also need chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy to destroy malignant cells, reduce the size of the tumor, and improve symptoms.

Related centers and departments

ABC Cancer Center
High Specialty Surgery Center
Radiology and Molecular Imaging
Clinical Laboratory

Fuentes:

cun.es
mayoclinic.org
medlineplus.gov
cancer.net
cuidateplus.marca.com
medigraphic.com
Choong NWW, Quevedo JF, Kaur JS. Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. The Mayo Clinic experience. Cancer. 2005;103(6):1172– 8. doi: 10.1002/cncr.20903
Reyna-Blanco I, Jiménez-García A, Martínez-Salas A, et al. Tumores de vejiga no uroteliales, como reto diagnóstico y terapéutico. Rev Mex Urol. 2019;79(4):1-8.
Ploeg M, Aben KK, Hulsbergen-van de Kaa CA, Schoenberg MP, Witjes JA, Kiemeney LA. Clinical epidemiology of nonurothelial bladder cancer: analysis of the Netherlands Cancer Registry. J Urol. 2010;183(3):915–20. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.11.018.

How can we help you?

The dissemination of the content of this material is for informational purposes only and does not replace, under any circumstance or condition, a consultation with a specialist doctor, for which the ABC Medical Center is not responsible for the different use that may be given to it. If you require more information related to the subject, we suggest you contact the specialist doctor you trust directly.

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Comparison of COVID-19 vaccines

Pfizer-
BioNTech

Pfizer-BioNTech

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Vaccine type: mRNA
Effectiveness: 95% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

No Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 21 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).

Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 16 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polysorbate.

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, fever, nausea, malaise, and swollen lymph nodes.

How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 14 days of having the complete scheme (after the administration of the 2nd dose), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.

Moderna

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Vaccine type: mRNA
Effectiveness: 94.5% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 28 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).

Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 18 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine.

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, fever, nausea, and swollen lymph nodes in the arm in which you received the injection.

Janssen/
Johnson
& Johnson

Janssen/ Johnson & Johnson

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 72.0% in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.
85% in the prevention of severe COVID-19.

Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives./strong>

How many doses are needed?
Only one dose in needed.

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, headache, fatigue, muscle pain, chills, fever, and nausea.

How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 28 days of having the complete scheme (the last dose applied), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from 85% serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.

AstraZeneca
and
Oxford
University

AstraZeneca and Oxford University

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Adenovirus vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 82% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 56 days apart (or up to 84 days apart, if necessary).

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, and fever, which were mild to moderate in intensity and disappeared within 48 hours of vaccination.

Sputnik V

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Adenovirus vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 92% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 21 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).

What is Bladder cancer?

Signs and symptoms Bladder cancer

Diagnosis and treatment Bladder cancer

Related centers and departments

Fuentes:

Index

Specialist in Bladder cancer