What is dementia?

4 May 2021

It is a series of mental alterations that appear as a result of neuron and their nerve connections’ damage or death, significantly influencing memory, thoughts, and decisions, which causes socialization and behavior problems that alter the patient’s daily life. Depending on the area of the brain affected, the symptoms may vary, but several conditions increase the chances of developing dementia, such as:

Family history.
It usually affects people over 65 years old.
Brain trauma.
Heart conditions.
Smoking.
Alcoholism.
Down syndrome.
Depression.
Diabetes.
Malnutrition.

The most common types of dementia are:

Reversible causes: it can be due to side effects of some drugs, cerebral hypertension, vitamin deficiencies, or thyroid imbalances.
With Lewy bodies: memory problems, movement disorders, stiffness, tremors, difficulty falling asleep, and visual hallucinations.
Alzheimer: very common in older adults.
Frontotemporal: it manifests with personality and behavior changes, as well as difficulties speaking and expressing oneself.
Vascular: related to stroke and certain blood circulation problems.
Mixed: two types of dementia occur simultaneously.

Signs and symptoms Dementia

The symptoms vary according to the type of dementia suffered, but the most common signs include:

Personality changes.
Confusion.
Depression.
Anxiety.
Disorientation.
Swallowing problems.
Paranoia.
Hallucinations.
Lack of focus.
Problems concentrating.
Inability to perform activities.
Memory loss.
Problems reasoning, communicating and expressing oneself.

Potential risks:
Dementia can cause:

Lack of appetite, affecting the number of nutrients that the body requires for proper functioning.
Chronic depression.
Difficulty swallowing food, increasing the probability that pieces of food reach the lungs, causing pneumonia.
Interference with daily activities such as bathing, dressing, brushing teeth, taking medications, etc.
Lack of confidence and safety to walk, cook, drive, or live in isolation.
Death.

Diagnosis and treatment Dementia

After reviewing your symptoms and medical history, the specialist will perform a physical examination, tests to assess attention span, memory, and abilities, as well as psychiatric tests to know dementia’s origin and degree of progression.

Likewise, they will request laboratory tests, blood tests, computed tomography, and MRI, to assess the brain status. Treatment to be followed will depend on the type of dementia and its degree of progress. Keeping your mind active, exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet, quitting smoking, and controlling cardiovascular risk factors can help reduce your risk of developing dementia.

At the Neurological Center, a select group of highly trained and certified doctors in the various neurological specialties are ready to assist you with the quality and warmth that characterizes us.

Nervous system specialties

Neurology
Neurosurgery
Spine surgery
Pediatric neurosurgery
Neurophysiology
Neuro-rehabilitation
Neuro-pathology
Interventional neuro-radiology
Neuropsychology
Neuro-oncology
Neuro-otology
Epilepsy
Neuro-ophthalmology
Neuroimaging

Related centers and departments Dementia

Neurology Center
High Specialty Surgery Center
Radiology and Molecular Imaging
Clinical Laboratory

Fuentes:

who.int
asha.org
mayocilinic.org
medlineplus.gov
msdmanuals.com
medigraphic.com
Llibre GJJ, García AL, Díaz MJP. Demencias y enfermedad de Alzheimer un recorrido por la historia. Geroinfo. 2014;9(1):.
Otero CM, Tamarit CN, Torres EM, et al. Guía de prácticas para enfermería en la atención a los cuidadores de pacientes con demencia. Rev Cubana Med Gen Integr. 2020;36(2):1-15.
Guevara VOI, Venzor CJP, Martínez JA. Demencia rápidamente progresiva, sobre el reporte de un caso de Creutzfeldt-Jakob. Rev Fac Med UNAM . 2020;63(6):31-37.
Contreras ASM, Navarro Juan-José, Sánchez RJR. Promotores de reserva cognitiva en adultos mayores con alto riesgo de demencia cortical. Rev Cuba Enf. 2020;36(2):1-18.

How can we help you?

The dissemination of the content of this material is for informational purposes only and does not replace, under any circumstance or condition, a consultation with a specialist doctor, for which the ABC Medical Center is not responsible for the different use that may be given to it. If you require more information related to the subject, we suggest you contact the specialist doctor you trust directly.

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Comparison of COVID-19 vaccines

Pfizer-
BioNTech

Pfizer-BioNTech

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Vaccine type: mRNA
Effectiveness: 95% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

No Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 21 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).

Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 16 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polysorbate.

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, fever, nausea, malaise, and swollen lymph nodes.

How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 14 days of having the complete scheme (after the administration of the 2nd dose), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.

Moderna

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Vaccine type: mRNA
Effectiveness: 94.5% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 28 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).

Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 18 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine.

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, fever, nausea, and swollen lymph nodes in the arm in which you received the injection.

Janssen/
Johnson
& Johnson

Janssen/ Johnson & Johnson

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 72.0% in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.
85% in the prevention of severe COVID-19.

Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives./strong>

How many doses are needed?
Only one dose in needed.

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, headache, fatigue, muscle pain, chills, fever, and nausea.

How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 28 days of having the complete scheme (the last dose applied), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from 85% serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.

AstraZeneca
and
Oxford
University

AstraZeneca and Oxford University

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Adenovirus vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 82% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 56 days apart (or up to 84 days apart, if necessary).

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, and fever, which were mild to moderate in intensity and disappeared within 48 hours of vaccination.

Sputnik V

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Adenovirus vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 92% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 21 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).

What is dementia?

Signs and symptoms Dementia

Diagnosis and treatment Dementia

Related centers and departments Dementia

Fuentes:

Index

Specialist in Dementia