What is Gastroesophageal reflux?

It is a digestive system condition that appears when the lower esophageal sphincter, which is the valve that joins the esophagus with the stomach, does not close properly and allows stomach acid to return to the esophagus, causing burns to the esophageal mucosa.

Gastroesophageal reflux is a common disease in various population segments, but above all, a significant percentage of pregnant women experience symptoms related to this condition, which when it becomes chronic and causes more serious damage, can cause serious complications.

Several factors can contribute to its appearance, among them, the presence of a hiatal hernia.

Some other diseases or factors that can increase the risk of gastroesophageal reflux are:

Scleroderma.
Overweight and obesity.
Being pregnant.
Slow digestive process.
Excessive food intake at night or shortly before bed.
Consume alcohol or coffee.
Smoking.
Excess fat in the diet.
Ingest certain drugs that irritate the gastric mucosa.

Signs and symptoms Gastroesophageal reflux

The most common symptoms consist of:

Heartburn.
Swallowing problems.
Pain and burning in the chest.
Regurgitation of food or acidic liquids.
Perception of having a blocked throat.
Inflammation of the larynx.
Coughing fits.
Difficulty sleeping properly.

Potential risks:

Esophageal stricture: Stomach acids cause scarring in the esophagus, reducing the space for food to pass and causing swallowing problems.
Esophageal ulcer: stomach acids generate wounds that cause pain and bleeding, hindering the swallowing process.
Barrett’s esophagus: acids alter the esophageal mucosa, increasing the chances of developing esophageal cancer.

Diagnosis and treatment Gastroesophageal reflux

Once your doctor reviews your symptoms and medical history, they will perform a physical examination and order a series of tests to confirm the diagnosis, including:

Digestive X-rays.
Endoscopy: allows the assessment of the degree of burn of the esophagus mucosa, the functionality of the lower esophageal sphincter, the existence of hiatal hernia, and the presence of Barrett’s esophagus, a diagnosis that is confirmed by taking biopsies.
pH test: through a probe in your esophagus, it is possible to measure the frequency and intensity of stomach acid regurgitation.
Esophageal manometry: measures the functionality of the esophageal muscles.

The treatment will be focused on controlling the symptoms produced by gastroesophageal reflux and its origin through the intake of antacids and medications that help inhibit or block acid production. However, in extreme cases, surgery may be required.

At the ABC Medical Center Internal Medicine Department we offer health care services with the highest quality and safety, from prevention, diagnosis, timely treatment, and monitoring of infectious, respiratory, endocrinological, dermatological, rheumatic, nephrological, gastrointestinal, and hematological pathologies, of chronic-degenerative diseases and acute conditions, through a comprehensive and multidisciplinary model.

Related centers and departments

Internal medicine
Radiology and Molecular Imaging
Clinical Laboratory

Fuentes:

gi.org
mayoclinic.org
medlineplus.gov
cun.es
msdmanuals.com
revistagastroenterologiamexico.org
medigraphic.com
Ramírez-del Pilar R, Ramos-Gómez MV, Navarro-Gerrard C, et al. Enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico resistente. ¿Cuándo sospechar pirosis funcional e hipersensibilidad al reflujo?. Med Int Mex. 2021;37(2):221-229.
Caballero BC, Avalos GR, Porto ÁGM, et al. Algunas consideraciones sobre el reflujo gastroesofágico en infantes. Rev Méd Electrón. 2019;41(5):1259-1268.
Elizondo VJR, Chaverri PG, Téllez VI. Actualización en esófago de Barrett . Revista Médica Sinergia. 2019;4(12):304.
Casaubon-Garcín P, Lamshing-Salinas P, Isoard-Acosta F, et al. pH de los alimentos: ¿una herramienta para el manejo de los pacientes con reflujo gastroesofágico?. Rev Mex Pediatr. 2018;85(3):89-94.

How can we help you?

The dissemination of the content of this material is for informational purposes only and does not replace, under any circumstance or condition, a consultation with a specialist doctor, for which the ABC Medical Center is not responsible for the different use that may be given to it. If you require more information related to the subject, we suggest you contact the specialist doctor you trust directly.

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Comparison of COVID-19 vaccines

Pfizer-
BioNTech

Pfizer-BioNTech

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Vaccine type: mRNA
Effectiveness: 95% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

No Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 21 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).

Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 16 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polysorbate.

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, fever, nausea, malaise, and swollen lymph nodes.

How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 14 days of having the complete scheme (after the administration of the 2nd dose), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.

Moderna

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Vaccine type: mRNA
Effectiveness: 94.5% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 28 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).

Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 18 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine.

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, fever, nausea, and swollen lymph nodes in the arm in which you received the injection.

Janssen/
Johnson
& Johnson

Janssen/ Johnson & Johnson

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 72.0% in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.
85% in the prevention of severe COVID-19.

Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives./strong>

How many doses are needed?
Only one dose in needed.

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, headache, fatigue, muscle pain, chills, fever, and nausea.

How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 28 days of having the complete scheme (the last dose applied), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from 85% serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.

AstraZeneca
and
Oxford
University

AstraZeneca and Oxford University

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Adenovirus vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 82% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 56 days apart (or up to 84 days apart, if necessary).

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, and fever, which were mild to moderate in intensity and disappeared within 48 hours of vaccination.

Sputnik V

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Adenovirus vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 92% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 21 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).

What is Gastroesophageal reflux?

Signs and symptoms Gastroesophageal reflux

Diagnosis and treatment Gastroesophageal reflux

Related centers and departments

Fuentes:

Index

Specialist in Gastroesophageal reflux