What is Hyponatremia?

It is a condition in which sodium blood levels decrease considerably, affecting the presence of water in the cells, which may be due to excessive water intake that causes this electrolyte to be diluted and lost through urine, increasing the amount of water in your body and causing cellular inflammation, which can lead to various complications, which, eventually, can endanger your life.

Sodium is a transcendental mineral in the body since it regulates its water balance, keeps blood pressure at optimal levels, and contributes to proper muscle and nerve function.

There are several conditions and habits that can cause hyponatremia, including:

Excessive water intake.
Hormonal disorders such as hypothyroidism or Addison’s disease.
Drugs like ecstasy.
Diuretic.
Painkillers.
Antidepressants.
Heart conditions.
Kidney ailments.
Liver dysfunctions.
Abnormal secretion of antidiuretic hormone syndrome.
Dehydration due to diarrhea or vomiting.

Signs and symptoms Hyponatremia

Dizziness.
Nausea.
Vomit.
Headache.
Mental confusion.
Somnolescence.
Fatigue.
Weakness.
Anxiety.
Irritability.
Spasms and muscle cramps.
Seizures.

If you have any of these symptoms, go immediately to the ABC Medical Center Emergency Room.

The possible complications of hyponatremia depend on its magnitude, so if it is chronic, the sodium level decreases progressively in one or two days, causing milder symptoms and moderate risk; but if it is an acute episode, where the level drops sharply in a short time, serious symptoms may appear in which the brain swells, producing a coma with fatal consequences.

Diagnosis and treatment Hyponatremia

Through a blood and urine test, your doctor can diagnose hyponatremia, directing treatment to increase sodium levels in the body, and promoting an electrolyte balance through intravenous fluids and medications to control the symptom. In addition, you will receive specific therapy if you have been diagnosed with an underlying disease that caused hyponatremia.

At ABC Medical Center’s Internal Medicine Department, we offer health care services with the highest quality and safety, from the prevention, diagnosis, timely treatment, and monitoring of infectious, respiratory, endocrinological, dermatological, rheumatic, nephrological, gastrointestinal, and hematological pathologies of both chronic-degenerative diseases and acute conditions, through a comprehensive and multidisciplinary model.

Related centers and departments

High Specialty Surgery Center
Internal medicine
Radiology and Molecular Imaging
Clinical Laboratory

Fuentes:

topdoctors.es
medlineplus.gov
mayoclinic.org
msdmanuals.com
cun.es
medigraphic.com
Meraz MA, Zúñiga VJ, Steta OJM. Hiponatremia por cerebro perdedor de sal asociado a antidiuresis inapropiada. An Med Asoc Med Hosp ABC. 2018;63(1):68-72.
Carbajal-Rodríguez L, Reynes-Manzur JN, Zarco-Román J, et al. Síndrome cerebral perdedor de sal como diagnóstico diferencial del síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética. Informe de un caso. Rev Mex Pediatr. 2000;67(3):128-132.
Ledesma CL, Sánchez DJS, Peniche MKG, et al. Hiponatremia y lesión pulmonar: ¿una asociación peligrosa en SARS-CoV-2?. Med Crit. 2021;35(4):172-175. doi:10.35366/101154.
Núñez CEE, Ramírez RA, Moreno GL. Síndrome de desmielinización osmótica. Presentación de un caso y revisión de tema. Medicina & Laboratorio. 2013;19(11-12):577-589.

How can we help you?

The dissemination of the content of this material is for informational purposes only and does not replace, under any circumstance or condition, a consultation with a specialist doctor, for which the ABC Medical Center is not responsible for the different use that may be given to it. If you require more information related to the subject, we suggest you contact the specialist doctor you trust directly.

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Comparison of COVID-19 vaccines

Pfizer-
BioNTech

Pfizer-BioNTech

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Vaccine type: mRNA
Effectiveness: 95% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

No Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 21 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).

Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 16 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polysorbate.

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, fever, nausea, malaise, and swollen lymph nodes.

How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 14 days of having the complete scheme (after the administration of the 2nd dose), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.

Moderna

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Vaccine type: mRNA
Effectiveness: 94.5% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 28 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).

Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 18 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine.

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, fever, nausea, and swollen lymph nodes in the arm in which you received the injection.

Janssen/
Johnson
& Johnson

Janssen/ Johnson & Johnson

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 72.0% in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.
85% in the prevention of severe COVID-19.

Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives./strong>

How many doses are needed?
Only one dose in needed.

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, headache, fatigue, muscle pain, chills, fever, and nausea.

How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 28 days of having the complete scheme (the last dose applied), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from 85% serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.

AstraZeneca
and
Oxford
University

AstraZeneca and Oxford University

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Adenovirus vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 82% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 56 days apart (or up to 84 days apart, if necessary).

What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, and fever, which were mild to moderate in intensity and disappeared within 48 hours of vaccination.

Sputnik V

What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?

Adenovirus vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 92% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.

How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 21 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).

What is Hyponatremia?

Signs and symptoms Hyponatremia

Diagnosis and treatment Hyponatremia

Related centers and departments

Fuentes:

Index

Specialist in Hyponatremia