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Precision Medicine
24 September 2025
To understand what a dislocation is, it’s important to first understand a bit about human anatomy. The human body is made up of bones, which are rigid structures that provide support and shape to the body, and joints, which are anatomical structures where two or more bones meet. Joints allow movement and provide stability to the skeleton.
When there is a separation between the two bones that form a joint, this is known as a dislocation. However, if the separation is only partial, it is called a subluxation.
The terms “dislocation” and “luxation” are used interchangeably. However, “dislocation” is the more commonly used, general term, while “luxation” is the more technical and medical term.
Dislocations are usually caused by trauma, strains, sports injuries, or wounds. In the case of wounds or injuries, the dislocation is referred to as an open dislocation.
Joint realignment is generally necessary to correct a dislocation, although in some cases, the bones may return to their normal position without medical intervention.
Although dislocations usually do not cause serious complications, the severity and the affected joint can lead to risks such as impaired joint function and mobility issues. In more serious cases, dislocations can be life-threatening—particularly open dislocations, which carry a high risk of infection, internal bleeding, disrupted blood circulation, or nerve damage. These complications can result in serious vascular or neurological injury.
A dislocation can be classified in various ways.
Since dislocations often result from various types of accidents, they may be accompanied by other musculoskeletal injuries. It is therefore essential to identify these associated injuries in order to treat them appropriately and prioritize care accordingly.
A physical examination is required, including vascular and neurological assessments, as well as stress tests.
Additionally, imaging studies such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are necessary to determine the severity of the dislocation and to confirm or rule out adjacent injuries.
Most dislocations can be treated by externally manipulating the bones back into place. However, in severe cases involving fractures, vascular damage, or nerve injuries, open surgical intervention is necessary.
In less severe dislocations, once the bones are realigned, the joint is immobilized using a cast or splint, and pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medications are prescribed. The length of rest will depend on the severity of the injury and how recovery progresses.
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Comparison of COVID-19 vaccines
Pfizer-
BioNTech
Pfizer-BioNTech
What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?
Vaccine type: mRNA
Effectiveness: 95% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.
No Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives.
How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 21 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).
Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 16 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polysorbate.
What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, fever, nausea, malaise, and swollen lymph nodes.
How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 14 days of having the complete scheme (after the administration of the 2nd dose), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.
Moderna
What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?
Vaccine type: mRNA
Effectiveness: 94.5% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.
Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives.
How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 28 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).
Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 18 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine.
What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, muscle pain, chills, joint pain, fever, nausea, and swollen lymph nodes in the arm in which you received the injection.
How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 14 days of having the complete scheme (after the administration of the 2nd dose), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.
Janssen/
Johnson
& Johnson
Janssen/ Johnson & Johnson
What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?
Vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 72.0% in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.
85% in the prevention of severe COVID-19.
Does not contain egg, latex, or preservatives./strong>
How many doses are needed?
Only one dose in needed.
Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 18 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine.
What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, headache, fatigue, muscle pain, chills, fever, and nausea.
How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 28 days of having the complete scheme (the last dose applied), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from 85% serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.
AstraZeneca
and
Oxford
University
AstraZeneca and Oxford University
What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?
Adenovirus vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 82% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.
How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 56 days apart (or up to 84 days apart, if necessary).
Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 18 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine.
What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, and fever, which were mild to moderate in intensity and disappeared within 48 hours of vaccination.
How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 14 days of having the complete scheme (after the administration of the 2nd dose), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.
Sputnik V
What is its effectiveness and what does it refer to?
Adenovirus vector-based vaccine.
Effectiveness: 92% after the second dose in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19.
How many doses are needed?
Two doses are needed, at least 21 days apart (or up to six weeks apart, if necessary).
Who should or shouldn’t get the vaccine?
People who should receive the vaccine are those over 18 years old.
People who should not receive the vaccine are those who have a history of anaphylactic shock (severe allergy) or who are allergic to any component of this vaccine.
What are the possible side effects of the vaccine?
Pain where the injection was given, fatigue, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, and fever, which were mild to moderate in intensity and disappeared within 48 hours of vaccination.
How long will it take for me to be protected and what does it protect me from?
After 14 days of having the complete scheme (after the administration of the 2nd dose), the protection period is still under study. It protects us from serious COVID-19 or requiring hospitalization.
Anti-Herpes Zoster
Herpes zoster is a painful, burning rash. It usually appears on one part of the body and can last for several weeks. It can cause long-lasting severe pain and scarring. Bacterial skin infections, weakness, muscle paralysis, hearing or vision loss may occur less frequently. Herpes zoster is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox. After you have had chickenpox, the virus that caused it remains in the body of nerve cells. Sometimes after many years, the virus becomes active again and causes herpes zoster.
Vaccination is indicated in the following cases:
Scheme type:
Rabies
Human rabies is a viral disease transmitted by the bite of an infected animal. It is characterized by acute encephalomyelitis (an aggressive response of the immune system that destroys the myelin layer of the nerves and alters its function at the level of the brain or spinal cord).
Vaccination is indicated in the following cases:
Scheme type:
There are two types.
1. Pre-exposure scheme, consists of three doses of rabies vaccine:
2. Post-exposure scheme, people not vaccinated against rabies, consists of five doses of rabies vaccine.
* If the individual continues to be at risk of exposure to the disease, revaccination should be considered.
Pneumococcal vaccines
Pneumococcal disease can cause serious infections in the lungs (pneumonia), the bloodstream (bacteremia), and the lining of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis).
Two vaccines help prevent pneumococcal disease:
Vaccination is indicated in the following cases:
Scheme type:
*One dose of Pneumococcal 13 vaccine should be given first, followed by one dose of Pneumococcal 23 vaccine, depending on your age and health.