What is retinitis pigmentosa?

This is a low-incidence genetic eye condition that affects the retina—the layer of tissue located at the back of the eye—causing a gradual loss of vision.

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), or night blindness as it is also known, is primarily characterized by the presence of dark deposits in the retina, and its progression depends on each individual. It is usually caused by genetic alterations that damage the retina.

The cells that control night vision, called rods, are usually the most damaged. However, sometimes the retinal cone cells are the most affected.

The first signs often manifest during childhood and progress before adulthood, and include:

• Difficulty moving in the dark.
• Decreased night vision or vision in low light.
• Loss of side (peripheral) vision, causing concentric narrowing of the visual field.
• Loss of central vision, especially in advanced cases.

Among the risks and complications caused by retinitis pigmentosa is the presence of cataracts at an early age, as well as macular edema or retinal inflammation.

Once your ophthalmologist analyzes your symptoms and medical history, they will perform genetic tests and in-depth eye exams to evaluate the retina and confirm the diagnosis, including:

• Visual acuity.
• Fluorescein angiography.
• Electroretinography.
• Slit lamp examination.
• Side vision or visual field tests.
• Retinal photographs.
• Intraocular pressure.
• Refraction tests.
• Pupillary reflex response.
• Color vision.

Despite scientific advances, there is currently no effective treatment for retinitis pigmentosa because more than 100 genes cause it. Only recommendations exist to try to preserve vision for as long as possible, such as:

• Eyedrops.
• Consumption of Vitamin A and Omega 3.
• Use of sunglasses.
• Implants of microchips inside the retina that act as a microscopic video camera.

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